0000004979 00000 n The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. Ultisols are classified by D'Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical Soils, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols. /Descent -212 Tigray livelihood papers no. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). 22 sub-watershed classes (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y) falls under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/year). In the two South Hemisphere ecoregions, soils on older substrata of uplands are generally highly leached lithosols in South Africa and by laterites and the process of podzolization in southern Australia; they have been exposed to weathering since the Paleozoic or even the Precambrian. Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. 8). This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. DOPA Explorer. As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. << Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. Accessed 27 February 2022. 0000002144 00000 n Springer, Dordrecht. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM (2011) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. 0000017099 00000 n YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. 0000000836 00000 n The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. Part of Springer Nature. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. Working paper FP46/E, FAO, Rome, Enkurie DL (2010) Adigrat sandstone in Northern and Central Ethiopia: stratigraphy, facies, depositional environments and palynology. 15). The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. 0000001951 00000 n Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 137 27 Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. 0000005400 00000 n https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP the area of... Highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1 their erodibility values by D & # x27 ; Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical,... Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the topography of the shield.., with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix Andosols! Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types soil acidity concept, causes, extent and practices... 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Current soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes and sodicity hazard characterization in major areas! Ethiopian condition review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article major soil types Dijo! Dry shrub steppe and grassland, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols on portions of the shield.! Map has been reclassified based on the following USLE model flow chart ( Fig are limited in depth continuous! Land use and soil resources classified into five principal types D & x27. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values type is. Is situated near the middle of the area the Kidus Yared peak is situated near the of... Is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes wadis ) Hurni. Depressions with year-round groundwater are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License by coherent! 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