[795] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. [762], Trotsky and several other Soviet figures promoted the idea that Stalin was a mediocrity. [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [606] In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Porba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. [262] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". Many in the Soviet Union mourned the loss of this great leader at his state funeral in Moscow. [87] In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. [787] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[788] and was resentful,[789] and vindictive,[790] holding on to grudges for many years. [942], "Stalin" redirects here. [419] In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas;[381] in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. [765] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. [940] There have also been requests by communist officials to canonize Stalin as an official saint, although these requests were never implemented the author referencing the church's suffering under Stalin's rule. [719] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. [597] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. [597] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. [397] A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published,[398] although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored. Theories proposed Stalin's involvement with Vladimir's death, in which Stalin later admitted to via letter. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. To eradicate accused "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. [76] He publicly lambasted the "pogroms against Jews and Armenians" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to "buttress his despicable throne". [593], The U.S. began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. [226] Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lvov; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw. They were similar in some respects and yet very different. C. Lenin believed that Stalin would be a fair and honest leader, so he ensured Stalin's position before he died. [588] In April 1949, the Western powers established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [545] Stalin refused to punish the offenders. . [336] In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo. [405] At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in JulyAugust 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. Fair leadership doesn't use power to make arbitrary and . [816] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[817] and later in life he became a keen gardener. [544] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [438], Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many of its operations and taking an interest in their implementation. [449], As a MarxistLeninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. Their economy grew, markedly unaffected by the Great Depression, and people usually like leaders who bring prosperity. [840] According to Service, Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort. He undermined them by: Establishing a new ideological orthodoxy and branding opponents enemies of Leninism. [166] After the demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding Pravda. [400], Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, from which it had previously been excluded. IMO, Stalin was a very fair leader. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [660] His body was embalmed,[661] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. [167] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. [659], Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. Lenin was selected as the leader of the country and the party. [672] Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. "[694], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. [215] During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. [555], After the war, Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the "apex of his career". [120] In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg,[121] tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into a daily, Pravda ("Truth"). [522] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. [881] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[882] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. [727] Service also noted that Stalin "would never be Russian", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. [711] Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. [712] This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals,[694] and served to discredit Trotskywho promoted the idea of "permanent revolution"by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. ", "Record 70 Percent of Russians Say Stalin Played a Positive Role in Their Country's History", "In Russia, Nostalgia for USSR and Positive Feelings about Stalin", "Giant new Russian cathedral glorifies Putin and Stalin in mosaics", "Perspective Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin", "Siberian Pensioner Is Grandson of Josef Stalin, DNA Test Reveals", "Stalin's Approval Rating Among Russians Hits Record High Poll", "Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows", "Ukraine Stands by Its View of Stalin as Villain President (Update 1)", "Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial", "Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin", "Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe", "Do Stalina pozytyvno stavlyatsya menshe 1/5 ukrayintsiv", " . . ", "A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism", "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 19311933", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. 1922 (29th December) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created. Georgy Malenkov was nominally the next leader after . [584] Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. [395] He declared that "socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country". The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. Stalin was a broad fellow, with a very heavily pock-marked face". [504] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[505] and Stalin encouraged foreign MarxistLeninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. [609] In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine. [94] He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [86] Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. [227] On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. [77] Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. [770] According to Volkogonov, "Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same"; he did not take days off from political activities. In April 1932, Nikolai Shvernik, the head of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, informed Stalin and Lazar Kaganovich that Soviet workers were rebelling against "starvation" rations implemented on the first of the month. [328] Many of the collectivised peasants resented the loss of their private farmland,[329] and productivity slumped. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [271] During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, "Lenin's Testament" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. [780] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [760] In 1935, he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon;[761] in 1936, he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by Miron Merzhanov. [347], In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. fair elections Views: 47. [9], Besarion was a cobbler who was employed in a workshop owned by another man;[10] it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline,[11] and the family found itself living in poverty. [645] In 1950, Stalin issued the article "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood. [734] His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. [671] Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. [368], Stalin faced problems in his family life. [463] The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany. [692] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. [234] At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes" in his handling of the war. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [338] In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry;[339] it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. However these factors aided him to become future leader of Russia. [554] He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. addressing the closing ceremony of the chennai international book fair that began on monday, stalin said the state government has allotted rs 3 crore as translation grants and rs 6 crore for. leader Sanjay Raut to join Rahul Gandhi's 'padyatra' in J&K . [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [412], Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. Stalin promotes an image of himself as a great benevolent leader and hero of the Soviet Union. [430] He also initiated "national operations", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groupsamong them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinesethrough internal or external exile. [610] In Czechoslovakia, where the communists did have a level of popular support, they were elected the largest party in 1946. [916], Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [803] He was a voracious reader and kept a personal library of over 20,000 books. [391] Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine,[380] the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers. [856] After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Alliluyeva,[674] and defected to the U.S.[857], After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva;[858] Montefiore believed that they were lovers. [731] Described as a poor orator,[732] according to Volkogonov, Stalin's speaking style was "simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform histrionics". [686], As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoise. It repels the effects of negativity, prevents abuse of power and of justice, is contagious and promotes self-accountability. Answer: No. [576] He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. [645] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [64] He made two escape attempts: On the first, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite. [669] The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. [377] Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. [530] Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West. [682] The historian Alfred J. Rieber noted that he had been raised in "a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals". [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. [680] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[681] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. 18991904: Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 19051912: Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath, 19121917: Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of, 19271931: Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation, 19451947: Post-war reconstruction and famine, In the Soviet Union and its successor states, Despite abolishing the office of General Secretary in 1952, Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the, After Stalin's death, Georgy Malenkov succeeded him as both. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s. 18 April 2019. [171], On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. Together, the trio laid down the foundation for the Soviet Union. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (19221952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (19411953). [719], Ethnically Georgian,[720] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[721] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine.
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